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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tbjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Туберкулез и социально значимые заболевания</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tuberculosis and socially significant diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2413-0346</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-0354</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Ин-Тренд</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54921/2413-0346-2023-11-2-25-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tbjournal-89</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИАГНОСТИКА И КЛИНИКА ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIAGNOSIS AND CLINIC OF TUBERCULOSIS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гранулематозы в практике фтизиатра</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Granulomatosis in tuberculosis practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гармаш</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garmash</surname><given-names>Yu. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гармаш Юлия Юрьевна – заместитель главного врача по медицинской части, доцент кафедры фтизиатрии , кандидат медицинских наук</p><p>Адрес: 107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, д. 10</p><p>Тел. +7 (916) 365-50-97</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ygarmash@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>С. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борисов Сергей Евгеньевич – заместитель директора по научно-клинической работе; профессор кафедры фтизиатрии, доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p><p>Адрес: 107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, д. 10</p><p>Тел. +7 (903) 777-06-56</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sebarsik@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бирон</surname><given-names>Э. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Biron</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бирон Элла Валерьевна – заведующая туберкулезным легочным отделением № 3 Клиники № 1, кандидат медицинских наук</p><p>Адрес: 107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, д. 10</p><p>Тел. +7 (916) 419-93-97</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evbiron1965@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванушкина</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanushkina</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванушкина Таисия Николаевна – заведующая туберкулезным легочным отделением № 2 Клиники № 1 ГБУЗ, кандидат медицинских наук</p><p>Адрес: 107014, г. Москва, ул. Стромынка, д. 10</p><p>Тел. +7 (903) 151-47-52</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">taisiyai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зюзя</surname><given-names>Ю. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zuzya</surname><given-names>Yu. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зюзя Юлия Рашидовна – исполняющая  обязанности заведующего патологоанатомическим отделением – врач-патологоанатом, кандидат медицинских наук</p><p>Адрес: 107014, г. Москва, ул. Барболина, д. 3</p><p>Тел. +7 (916) 550-28-95</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zuzaju@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»;  ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-2"><institution>ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гармаш Ю.Ю., Борисов С.Е., Бирон Э.В., Иванушкина Т.Н., Зюзя Ю.Р., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гармаш Ю.Ю., Борисов С.Е., Бирон Э.В., Иванушкина Т.Н., Зюзя Ю.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Garmash Y.Y., Borisov S.E., Biron E.V., Ivanushkina T.N., Zuzya Y.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tb-journal.ru/jour/article/view/89">https://www.tb-journal.ru/jour/article/view/89</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассмотрены концептуальные вопросы и анализ проблемы дифференциальной диагностики многообразных клинических форм гранулематозов в зависимости от этиологического фактора гранулемы, их распространенности в практике фтизиатра, представлен обзор литературных данных и собственный опыт дифференциальной диагностики.</p><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Изучение структуры различных гранулематозов в противотуберкулезном учреждении на основе анализа данных, зарегистрированных в московском городском фтизиатрическом учреждении.</p><p>Материалы и методы исследования. В основе – данные по выявлению и наблюдению саркоидоза, диссеминированного туберкулеза, микобактериоза, пневмонитов, васкулитов на протяжении десятилетий на базе головного городского объединенного фтизиатрического учреждения г. Москвы ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы».</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Туберкулез – инфекционное заболевание, возбудитель которого – микобактерия туберкулеза (МБТ) – вызывает иммунный ответ с формированием гранулематозного воспаления. Гранулематозное воспаление – сложный, клеточно-опосредованный иммунный ответ, для развития которого требуется наличие персистирующего антигена в макрофагах. МБТ является наиболее частым, но не единственным подобным антигеном. Эпителиоидноклеточные гранулемы развиваются при туберкулезе, саркоидозе, микобактериозе, васкулитах, микозах, пневмокониозах, альвеолитах и в ряде случаев при всех заболеваниях идентичны, с одинаковым механизмом трансформации макрофагов в эпителиоидные клетки и клетки Пирогова – Лангханса и механизмом формирования гранулем. В зависимости от этиологического фактора гранулемы могут иметь те или иные особенности строения и инволюции, которые могут быть выявлены только при исследовании достаточного количества морфологического материала. В связи с этим на практике диагностика гранулематозов традиционно представляет сложную задачу. Одним из наиболее важных конкурентов туберкулеза как гранулематоза является саркоидоз. Рассмотрены результаты неофициальной статистики саркоидоза по г. Москве за 1961–2019 гг. по частоте и структуре клинических форм, вариантов течения, исходам, определена заболеваемость в репрезентативных выборках по годам и распространенность саркоидоза органов дыхания в мегаполисе. Представлен анализ эпидемиологических показателей по диссеминированному туберкулезу в г. Москве за 2012–2019 гг. среди различных групп населения. Определен спектр основных видов гранулематозов, отличных от туберкулеза, выбывших из фтизиатрических клиник за 2010–2020 гг.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article deals with conceptual issues and analysis of the problem of differential diagnosis of various granulomatosis depending on the etiological factor of granuloma, their prevalence in the practice of a phthisiologist, provides an overview of the literature data and own experience of differential diagnosis.</p><sec><title>The aim of the study</title><p>The aim of the study. Study of the structure of various granulomatoses in an antituberculous institution based on the analysis of data registered in the Moscow city phthisiological institution.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. It is based on data on the detection and observation of sarcoidosis, disseminated tuberculosis, mycobacteriosis, pneumonitis, vasculitis for decades on the basis of the head city joint phthisiological institution of Moscow GBUZ «Moscow City Scientific and Practical Center for Tuberculosis Control of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow».</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease, the causative agent of which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) causes an immune response with the formation of granulomatous inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation is a complex, cell–mediated immune response, the development of which requires the presence of a persistent antigen in macrophages. MBT is the most common, but not the only such antigen. Epithelioid cell granulomas develop in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, mycobacteriosis, vasculitis, mycoses, pneumoconiosis, alveolitis and in some cases are identical in all diseases, with the same mechanism of transformation of macrophages into epithelioid cells and Pirogov–Langhans cells and the mechanism of granuloma formation. Depending on the etiological factor, granulomas may have certain structural features and involutions that can only be identified by examining a sufficient amount of morphological material. In this regard, in practice, the diagnosis of granulomatosis is traditionally a difficult task. One of the most important competitors of tuberculosis, as granulomatosis, is sarcoidosis. The results of unofficial statistics of sarcoidosis in Moscow for 1961-2019 on the frequency and structure of clinical forms, course variants, and outcomes considered, the incidence in representative samples by year and the prevalence of sarcoidosis of the respiratory organs in the metropolis are determined. The analysis of epidemiological indicators on disseminated tuberculosis in Moscow for 2012-2019 presented. Among various groups of the population. The spectrum of the main types of granulomatoses, other than tuberculosis, dropped out of phthisiological clinics in 2010-2020 has been determined.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гранулематоз</kwd><kwd>гранулематозное воспаление</kwd><kwd>саркоидоз</kwd><kwd>туберкулез</kwd><kwd>микобактериоз</kwd><kwd>пневмонит</kwd><kwd>васкулит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>granulomatosis</kwd><kwd>granulomatous inflammation</kwd><kwd>sarcoidosis</kwd><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>mycobacteriosis</kwd><kwd>pneumonitis</kwd><kwd>vasculitis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александрова Е.Н., Новиков А.А., Насонов Е.Л. 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