9303 cases (total number in 2014) of the hospitalization in the inpatient TB-facilities subordinated to the Moscow City Government Health Department were studied to evaluate the demography and status of the residence in Moscow. For the indications for the in-patient treatment 2415 cases (98,5% of the 2014 second half) were analyzed. The most part of the in-patient treatment came on the Moscow residents’ share (72,8%) and some more one quarter (27,2%) – on the various non-permanent, moving population groups: internal (13,9%) and external (4,6%) migrants and homeless people (8,8%). The validity of the hospitalization was significant: in 75,9% patients were obtained the indications due to the TB severity, in 45,4% due to the concomitant diseases, in 26,0% – due to the necessity of the diagnostic procedures and in 26,8% – due to the social and/or epidemiological circumstances. Herewith, in 75% patients two or more indications were definite and in 50% – three or more.

The results of three years of monitoring the outcomes of treatment for children with pulmonary tuberculosis registered in 2012, 2013 and 2014 stratified by sputum smear at registration. There is an increase of efficiency of treatment of children with 93.2% and 96.6%, presumably due to the exclusion from the cohort of children with MDR-TB. There is decrease in the proportion of children who are lost to follow-up. Lethality remains constant.

By M. tuberculosis clinical isolates panel of the strains with different drug resistance patterns the critical concentrations of six secondline antituberculosis drugs were studied. For the M. tuberculosis drug resistance accelerated testing in the BACTECТМ MGITТМ 960 the
critical concentrations for levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, kanamycin, amikacin and capreomycin were 1,0, 0,25, 0,25, 2,5, 1,0 and 2,5 μg/ml, accordingly. For classic absolute concentrations methods in solid Löwenstein-Jensen media the critical concentrations of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin were 2,0, 0,75, 0,75 μg /ml, accordingly.

We used Xpert MTB/Rif assay for express detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and performed the drug susceptibility testing for rifampicin in patients with HIV/TB coinfection. We investigated 294 samples (189 respiratory samples such as sputum, bronchial secret, bronchial lavage and 105 extrapulmonary samples such as cerebrospinal liquid, faeces, tissue, lymph node etc.), obtained from 106 HIV/TB patients, admitted at the Clinic № 2 of The Moscow research and clinical center for TB control. Xpert MTB/Rif assay application for molecular diagnostics in HIV/TB-patients increased of detection frequency of MTB to 21,7% in respiratory samples and to 14% in extrapulmonary samples Multidrug resistant MTB were detected most frequently then monoresistant and susceptible to the main antituberculosis drugs MTB strains in all types of samples obtained from HIV/TB patients

The own results on specific structure of etiological agents of deep mycosis in HIV-infected tuberculosis patients are represented. In 48 yeast strains, isolated from respiratory tract sputum and BAL, spinal fluid, blood, throat swab, the most part consisted C. albicans (31,3%), C. glabrata (27,0%) and C. tropicalis (16,7%). 40 yeast strains were tested with echinocandin antifungal agents (anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin), azols (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, ketoconazole), amphotericin B and flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine). The difference in MIC diapasons was obtained both for yeast’s species and for strains. In general, the most active drugs for species Candida, Cryptococcus and Saccharomyces are amphotericin B and voriconazole.

From 2002 till 2014 30 transurethral resections and 12 incisions of the prostate in tuberculosis lesion were performed. Disease was accompanied by tuberculosis of the kidneys in 24 (57,1%) patients, tuberculous epididymitis – in 30 (76,2%), isolated lesion of the prostate registered in 4 (9,5%). The average age was 58,2 ± 4,2 years. Duration of the preoperative chemotherapy ranged from 3 до 12 months. Prostate volume measured by ultrasonography ranged from 30 to 60 (48,6 ± 5,3) cm³. Reoperation rate marked in 2 (4,8%) cases in early postoperative period and in 10 (23,8%) – in late. Early complications were bleedings (2 – 4,8%), the late ones – urethral strictures (4 – 9,5%) and bladder neck sclerosis (6 – 14,3%). All complications were treated by endoscopy manipulations. The advantages of transurethral surgery of tuberculous lesions of the prostate include: low level of complications, high information value, diagnostic capabilities, technical simplicity, low invasiveness and good patients’ tolerability.

The basic factors, call forth the necessity of the continuous professional medical education (CPME) up-grade by advanced educational technologies. The important condition of the CPME development – succession of the present experience and specific features of the phthisiology teaching – conceptual, organizational and methodological unity of the profession and variety of the TB facilities and multiple localization of TB damages. CPME definitions and specific features are presented – selfeducation, postgraduate education, workshops, master-classes and schools provided by the leading experts in the profession. The history of TB-physicians education and training system in Russia from the beginning of the 20th century is described in details – primary specialization, apprenticeship, internship, fellowship, clinical residency, and training in the workplace in medical school’s hospitals and the leading TB-facilities.
New options of the educational system are presented, which based on the obligatory TB-physicians’ involvement in conferences, congresses, workshops, master-classes and schools, using of the e-portals for professional knowledge databases, distance education,
and presentations in their own facilities and publications, containing clinical experience.
Some suggestions are make on credit units and physicians portfolio implementation in CPME to increase these connections with both research and educational physician’s activities and clinical practice.
The main approaches to the further enhancement of the educational framework in phthisiology are introduced, based on qualification requirements and modern educational technologies.

An article describes the diagnostic algorithm established in Department of Pathological Anatomy in The Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control of the Moscow Government Health Department based on a combination of clinical case analysis of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis in HIV-positive patient. The paper shows the possibility of microbiological, histological and molecular genetic methods for the diagnosis of such pathologies. It provides an overview of the papers on the topic of diagnosis and subsequent management in this category of patients.