The article gives an assessment of the influence of the preventive activities of TB specialists, carried out in close cooperation with infectious disease specialists, on the TB epidemiology among HIVpatients. The proportion of patients with latent tuberculosis infection (LTI) detected by the allergen test with tuberculous recombinant among HIV-patients in 2016–2017 amounted to 4.5% (95%CI 4.1–4.9%), which is significantly higher than among the population of Moscow (0.3–1%).
The TB notification rate among HIV-patients who received preventive chemotherapy (chemoprophylaxis) is calculated at 227.7 (95% CI 62– 582) per 100 K of HIV patients. This value is 14 times less than in HIVpatients with a CD4+ level of less than 350 cells/mm3, untreated by preventive treatment – 3332 (95% CI 2681–4089) per 100K.
The proportion of TB patients, who was «active» detected in the TB room, located directly in the AIDS Center was 84.3%, which was significantly higher than that detected outside the TB room’ screening – 50.9% (p < 0.01). This provided a reliable reduction in the proportion of disseminated pulmonary TB forms. Thus, the epidemiological effectiveness of the measures taken to contain the further TB spread among HIV-patients is proved.

We investigated 112 cultures of М. kansasii, by broth microdilution method in SlowMyco (TREK Diagnostic Systems Ltd., GB) test.
We characterized the spectrum of MIC of 13 drugs, detected the number of susceptible, resistant, and intermediate strains to each drug. We established that М. kansasii strains were more often susceptible to amikacin, isoniazid, clarithromycin, linezolid, moxifloxacin and resistant to doxycycline, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin.
We also determined «reserves» of susceptibility («intermediate» susceptibility/resistance) that makes it possible to use drugs in the chemotherapy of mycobacteriosis caused by these NTM more justifiably.

We investigated 139 cultures of rapidly growing NTM of M. chelonae complex (90 – M. chelonae and 49 – M. abscessus) by broth microdilution method in Sensititre RAPMyco test. We established that M. abscessus were more often resistant to the main part of studied antimicrobial drugs that confirmed by statistical processing of data on the number of resistant strains of these species and analysis of Kaplan-Meier survival curves.
It should be emphasized that our data can coincide or differ from those given in other studies because there are significant features of NTM circulating between inanimate nature, animals and humans (spontaneous mutations, the incidence of diseases with certain types of treatment, etc.) in different regions of the world.

Background. To investigate a variety of lung tuberculosis (TB) obtained in IBD-patients with the anti-TNF treatment.
Methods. 636 patients with IBD were screened prior to initiation of anti-TNF treatment and 277 of them – during such treatment. The investigations were performed according to Federal Clinical Recommendations.
Results. 14 (5.0%) of 277 patients received anti-TNF treatment developed tuberculosis infection: 8 male and 6 female aged between 18 and 68 years. Of the 14 patients 8 had Crohn’s disease and 6 had ulcerative colitis. Prior to starting anti-TNF treatment, all patients’ TB tests were negative. No patients required preventive therapy based on screening results. Of the patients who developed TB, 11 treated with Infliximab, 1 with Adalimumab and 2 with Certolizumab. The TB developed in a wide variety of forms, including 12 cases with detected Mycobacteria. Treatment of tuberculosis was provided according to The Federal Clinical Recommendations resulting in clinical and radiological improvement.
Conclusion. The patients with IBD, received anti-TNF treatment, have a risk of developing a wide variety of forms of TB infection. Therefore, thorough clinical monitoring of patients prior and during the treatment is highly important for a timely TB detection. The usage
of individual regimen of specific TB treatment provided a significant clinical improvement and recovery from TB.

A comparative study of clinical, X-ray and microbiological examination of 153 patients with primary diagnosis of «lung tuberculema» (TL) before and after surgery was performed.
The examination of surgical material included morphological, microbiological and molecular-genetic (PCR in real time) studies. The diagnosis of TL was confirmed in 78.8% of patients, in 61.4% MBT was found (29.4% in sputum), in 57.5% – MDR and XDR was detected. Drug administration more than 8 months in 26 patients with TL led to 12.6 times rising of the expression of the MDR1 gene, which is responsible for the synthesis of the Pgp protein. This indicated the formation of resistance of lung cells to drugs of the 1 st series such as rifampicin, which was initially obtained by 63.4% of patients. Examination of the surgical material ensures verification of the diagnosis, creates conditions for adequate chemotherapy.

The diagnostic significance of the serum lipoarabinomannan (LAM) content was studied in 106 patients at a late stage of HIV infection. Based on clinical and laboratory studies, patients were divided into a group of HIV-infected non-TB (n = 43) and HIV/TB (n = 63) groups, LAM was determined by ELISA using the LAM ELISA kit (SunLong Biotech Co., Ltd.). The level of LAM in patients with coinfection HIV/TB was significantly higher than in the HIV non-TB group (13.75 ± 1.5 pg / ml, CI ± 2.97 and 7.49 ± 0.5 pg / ml, CI ± 0.96, respectively; p = 0.000163). The sensitivity of the serum LAM-test in patients with HIV infection was 85.7%, and the specificity 79.1%. The level of LAM in the blood serum of HIV/TB patients is affected by the severity of immunosuppression, assessed by CD4+ blood lymphocyte count. In patients with a CD4+ lymphocyte count less than 100 cells/μL the serum LAM level was 14.8 ± 2.3 pg/ml, and at > 300 cells/μL 9.03 ± 0.8 pg/ml (p = 0.024). The determination of LAM serum should be considered as an additional criterion in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in the late stage of HIV infection.

A clinical demonstration of rare extrapulmonary localization of tuberculosis, tuberculosis of the ear. The disease developed in a patient with a systemic lupus erythematosus with prolonged immunosuppressive therapy. Diagnosis of tuberculosis was delayed more than 2 years, which led to a complicated course of the disease. The example demonstrates the need for testing for tuberculosis of all persons with immunosuppressive therapy in the course of a prolonged course of inflammatory processes of any localization.

The review is devoted to interferons (IFN), opened 60 years ago. Briefly describes the classification and properties of the IFN and their inductors, and the basic results of their use as a medicine.