Some immunological parameters were studied in 33 patients with respiratory mycobacteriosis without immunosuppression. The significant differences obtained in some of them (number of immunocompetent cells and Ig concentration) depend on the species of pathogen. Selected their significant relationship with clinical symptoms, assumptions are made on immunopathogenesis of the mycobacterial-induced inflammation. The study show that immune system in mycobacteriosis patients can be assessed as normergic and immune response – as a functionally preserved.

We studied 189 strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from 189 patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis. Drug susceptibility testing was performed mainly in the system of BACTECTM MGITTM 960. Our research has shown that M. tuberculosis have different levels of susceptibility to the studied antimicrobial drugs (100,0% of strains were susceptible to linezolid and 99,5% to cycloserine, 52,9% to streptomycin, and 57,7% to isoniazid). In general, a significant part of the studied strains were susceptible to the majority of antimicrobial drugs, less than 1/3 of the strains (28,6%) were MDR, and less than 5% (4,2%) were XDR. Despite a migration of TB-patients from other regions with a high incidence of tuberculosis, a high frequency of cases of HIV/TB coinfection the situation in Moscow looks preferable due to the good organization of anti-TB arrangements including fast TB detection, individualized and controlled highly effective therapy.

The retro-prospective open monocentral cohort study carry out in Moscow Research and Practical Center for TB Control Center for analysis of the effectiveness of the new (WHO, 2018, 2019) and traditional (WHO, 2009) regimens of chemotherapy in HIV-negative pulmonary TB patients with MDR/XDR MBT. The main cohort (priority including of the new TB-drugs) – 229 patients, started treatment in May 2014 – April 2017, the control cohort – 398 patients, started treatment in January 2013 – April 2014, which cannot be treated by the new regimens.
The basic criteria of the treatment effectiveness we used the outcome, registered at the end of the 24th month of treatment (or following up, if the treatment was completed after 18 months or even earlier) by the WHO recommendations; the outcomes “cured” and “treatment completed” were combined in one – “treatment success”.
Patients of the main cohort were comparable by gender and age with control cohort, but reliably more often have previously outcome “treatment failure”, lung destruction, XDR MBT, pre-XDR MBT with fluoroquinolones resistance.
At the end of the 24th month of the treatment/following up the treatment success has been achieved in 72,5% (166 patients, 95%CI 66,7–78,3%) in the main cohort and only in 46,7% (186 patients, 95%CI 41,8–51,7%) in control cohort; the odds ratio 3,0 (95%CI 2,1–4,3). A significant increase of the treatment effectiveness is also shown in cases of the new chemotherapy regimens in the all groups of patients in the main cohort, selected by gender, age, MBT drug resistance spectrum, regimen and duration of the previously treatment.

Increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy for tuberculosis through the use of various pathogenetic methods of treatment is an important scientific and practical task. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) has a variety of positive effects on the human body, stimulates cellular immunity, stabilizes membranes, and activates the macrophage link. The objective of our study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the use of drugs containing GA in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The use of drugs containing glycyrrhizic acid in the intensive phase of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy helps to accelerate the resolution of caseous inflammation and reduce the volume of the lesion. The preparations “Phosphogliv®” and “licorice root syrup”, included in the treatment regimen of patients with non-decay infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis, can increase the effectiveness of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy.

The review is dedicated to the diseases of the respiratory system caised by nontuberculous mycobacteria. The literary data on epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic of mycobacteriosis, etiotropic treatment in different cases (depend on the causative agent) and surgical treatment are presented.