Animal modeling of tuberculosis is necessary to study the pathogenesis of the disease and the immune response. Attempts to simulate various models of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis made on laboratory animals that are considered the most susceptible to tuberculosis infection. The simulation of extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis has serious difficulties and the number of patented models is extremely limited. Due to the frequent cases of tuberculosis extrapulmonary manifestations among the cohort of patients with immunosuppressive state, it is necessary to study the pathogenesis and combined organ-lesions in abdominal tuberculosis, to develop possible options for conservative and surgical treatment. To do this, it is necessary to return to the modeling of a specific process and to the search for the optimal model animal. Materials and methods. We considered mice and rabbits as the optimal model. The first experimental infection was carried out on 5 male mice of the C57/Black6 line and 10 male rabbits of the Soviet Chinchilla breed, which were infected by intraperitoneal injection of a suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Results. No signs of tuberculous inflammation of the peritoneum and intestines found in any of the animal species. Generalized tuberculosis detected in all mice without the formation of a granulomatous process. In a case of the rabbits, four animals showed the complete absence of signs of tuberculosis, and the other six had a lesion of the lung tissue only, at that morphologically pulmonary tuberculosis was similar to human tuberculosis in many respects. Conclusion. The results of our experiment indicate the practicability of using rabbits for modeling abdominal tuberculosis, similar in its chronic course and morphological features to human tuberculosis.

The biopsy material with signs of an infectious lesion or with destructive changes obtained from 130 patients was comprehensively morphologically examined; Group I – 72 patients with HIV infection of stage 4 B-C, group II (control) – 58 patients without HIV infection. A wider range of infections was detected in group I, the vast majority of which are HIV-associated opportunistic diseases (tuberculosis, NTMB MAS, CMVI, mycoses, combined lesions) - 80.9%, with a significant predominance of tuberculosis (50%). In 11.1%, a combined infectious lesion caused by various types of pathogens was found, with a predominance of a combination of tuberculosis and CMVI. Biopsy endoscopic material from patients with HIV infection, despite its small size and small amount, can be very informative in a complex morphological study. It is necessary to take into account the possibility of an atypical morphological picture of an infectious disease occurring in conditions of deep immunosuppression, uncharacteristic localization of changes. To detect an infectious agent in a biopsy, it is necessary to conduct histobacterioscopic, immunohistochemical, molecular biological methods of research. 

A study was carried out to determine the sequence of application of microbiological and molecular genetic methods in the algorithm for accelerated laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis. We set threshold values of the concentration of DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in various diagnostic samples for the most effective application of microarrays technology in determining the drug susceptibility of MTB to anti-TB drugs. The inclusion of the Sensititre MycoTB microbiological test in the algorithm for laboratory diagnostics of tuberculosis together with the test-system “TB-TEST” makes it possible to establish the quantitative characterization of strains (the level of susceptibility/resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial agents) for the selection of anti-TB drugs and optimization of the treatment.

The article presents X-ray and clinical and laboratory data of 85 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and combined HIV / tuberculosis infection who were treated at Moscow Research and Clinical Center for TB Control of the Moscow Government Health Department are described in 2020. A comparative analysis of radiological changes in lung lesions in COVID-19 pneumonia in these patients was carried out, depending on the results of PCR diagnostics, immune status, IgM and IgG levels. A positive PCR test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA established in 81.2%. Weakly expressed radiological signs of COVID-19 pneumonia are determined in patients with combined HIV / tuberculosis infection. The detection rate of COVID-19 pneumonia according to MSCT was 48.2%, with a predominance of CT-1 and CT-2 – 30.59% and 12.94%, and absence of CT-4 .There were no significant differences between the level of CD4⁺ lymphocytes (M = 78 cl/mm³) and the severity of radiological manifestations, which does not allow us to draw unambiguous conclusions about the role of the level of immune status and requires further study.

The pandemic of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 has affected almost all spheres of life in Moscow, and, first of all, the medical sector. The universally introduced self-isolation regime also has affected the organization of work with patients with tuberculosis (TB). In order to prevent penetration of COVID-19 into inpatient departments of The Moscow City Scientific and Practical Center for Tuberculosis Control, it was necessary to limit as much as possible the contacts of TB patients inside the departments and to set the minimum occupancy rate of hospital chambers, where TB patients with developed processes, combined HIV/TB infection were on long-term treatment. For the period of high alert, day hospital at home treatment was organized for TB patients without bacteria excretion, including provision of drugs, necessary manipulations and sampling of material for laboratory analysis collection accompanied by daily treatment control using remote technologies. This situation inspired the medical professionals to pay special attention to each patient receiving treatment at home. It was necessary among other things to help patients organize themselves to maintain daily regime and motivate to treatment. The self-monitoring diary, developed by The Moscow City Scientific and Practical the Moscow Department of Healthcare was one of the key tools for remote interaction with patients during the period.

This article contains the main statistical indicators of tuberculosis among arrested and convicted persons, holding in institutions of the penitentiary system of Moscow and Russia over the period from 2016 to 2019. On the territory of Moscow all medical measures among these persons with tuberculosis are provided in conditions of the tuberculosis pulmonary departments № 1, 2 of the Hospital of the Federal state healthcare institution Medical and sanitary part-77 of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. The work describes its structure and tasks. Taking into account the specifics of the group of patients, the article focuses on persons with tuberculosis/HIV co-infection. The main orders of the Federal Penitentiary Service, regulating the treatment of patients in places of deprivation of liberty, are also highlighted. The hospital uses an individual approach to each patient, including patients with tuberculosis in combination with multiple and broad drug resistance. The article considers two clinical cases, reflects the main points of clinical and diagnostic dynamics in the treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with the drug Perchlozon®. Because of the analysis of these clinical examples it follows, that on the background of the use of the drug «Perchlozon» in the scheme of the IV chemotherapy regimen, after 6 months from starting of treatment, there is abacillation and scarring of the decay cavities at the patients. It plays an important role in returning a sick person to a healthy employable society, as well as in normalization of his psychoemotional state.

Purpose of the study. To analyze the results of the educational process in the discipline «phthisiology» in the CIS countries during the COVID19 pandemic. Materials and methods. The features and effectiveness of the use of various methods of the educational process in the preparation of a doctor in the discipline «phthisiology» in the CIS countries during the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. The main models of the organization of training, involving traditional and remote formats with the use of distance educational technologies, are considered. Results. It is concluded that in the system of basic formal education at all levels and areas of training, the distance learning method can be considered as a form that enhances the socio-pedagogical, organizational, psychological and didactic potential of the traditional («face to face») format of education. The methods of theoretical and empirical research used in the work in a comprehensive manner.

The review presents information about the formation of the concept of «latent tuberculosis infection», about the methods and the clinical significance of the results of diagnosing this condition using various immunological tests.